•The NASA and the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) report that Antarctic sea ice reached its annual maximum on September 14, 2026, at about 17.59 million square kilometers (6.79 million square miles). The value is the third lowest maximum on record since satellite observations began, according to the satellite observations.
Current data show that total Antarctic sea ice has increased by about 1% per year from 1979 to 2014. However, it is unclear whether this increase is a sign of a meaningful change; because the ice cover around Antarctica varies greatly from year to year. In 2012-2014, three consecutive years of new records for winter sea ice maximums were recorded, during a period when Arctic ice sheets were in a steep decline.
To determine the ice area, scientists rely on satellites equipped with passive microwave sensors that measure the microwave energy naturally emitted by the Earth. Sea ice emits more of this energy than open water, so it stands out in microwave images. Microwaves pass through clouds, so satellites can observe sea ice regularly, regardless of weather conditions. The records began with data collected by NASA’s Nimbus-7 satellite in late 1978; then the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites from 1987, and NASA’s Aqua satellite from 2002 to 2011. In 2025, scientists began using observations from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s GCOM-W satellite.
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